Definition and Examples of a Dangling Modifier

Definition and Examples of a Dangling Modifier A dangling modifier is a word or phrase (often a participle or participial phrase) that doesnt actually  modify  the word its intended to modify. In some cases, a dangling modifier refers to a word that doesnt even appear in the sentence. It is also called a dangling participle, hanging modifier, floater, floating modifier, or misrelated participle. Dangling modifiers are commonly (though not universally) regarded as grammatical errors. One way to correct a dangling modifier is to add a noun phrase that the modifier can logically describe. Another way to correct this grammatical error is to make the modifier part of a dependent clause. Fixing Dangling Modifiers Purdue OWL  says that to fix dangling modifiers, its helpful to first explore how a modifier should read in a grammatically correct sentence, giving this example: Having finished the assignment,  Jill  turned on the TV. This sentence is correctly composed because  Jill  is the subject, and the phrase having finished the assignment  describes Jill. By contrast, a sentence with a dangling modifier might read: Having finished the assignment,  the TV  was turned on. In this sentence, the phrase having finished the assignment is the dangling modifier. A TV  cannot  finish a homework assignment (at least not with the current state of technology), so the dangling modifier doesnt seem to modify anything in the sentence. You know from the previous sentence that the phrase is supposed to modify  Jill. Its Jill, after all, who finished the homework assignment. Purdue OWL offers another example of a dangling modifier: Having arrived late for practice,  a written excuse  was needed. Who arrived late? Purdue asks. Presumably, a  written excuse  cant arrive anywhere. To correct the dangling modifier, the writer needs to add something to the sentence, namely, the person who arrived late: Having arrived late for practice,  the team captain  needed a written excuse. In this correctly composed sentence, the reader knows that  the team captain  arrived late and needs a written excuse. Having thus added the noun- or person who did the action- the writer corrected the sentence and fixed the error of the dangling modifier. The Problem With Phrases Your Dictionary  notes that phrases- compared to a word or two- often confuse inexperienced writers when it comes to modifiers. For example: The  very happy  boy ran fast. Its easy to see that  happy  is an  adjective  that modifies  boy, while  very  is an  adverb  that modifies  happy.  A writer would be unlikely to unintentionally omit the subject of the sentence and write: The  very happy  ran fast. In this example, these words would constitute a  dangling modifier  because they dont modify anything in the sentence: The writer has removed the subject  boy. When it comes to phrases, however, its much easier to unintentionally create a dangling modifier, says Your Dictionary, as in: Hoping to garner favor, my parents were unimpressed with the gift. Note that the sentence does  have a subject,  my parents. The phrase  hoping to garner favor,  then, seems to modify the subject,  my parents.  But on closer inspection, note that the phrase is actually a dangling modifier.  The  parents  were not hoping to garner favor with themselves, so its left to the reader to wonder:  Who  is trying to garner favor? To fix the dangling modifier, add a subject that tells the reader  who  is hoping to impress the parents: Hoping to garner favor, my new boyfriend brought my parents a gift that failed to impress them. The phrase  hoping to garner favor  now describes  my boyfriend, so it is no longer a dangling modifier. To fully fix the sentence, the writer also added a verb,  brought, to describe what the boyfriend was doing and a  restrictive clause,  that failed to impress them, explaining how the gift went over with the parents. The Clue of  Passive Voice Sometimes- though not always- you can tell that a sentence contains a  dangling modifier  if it includes passive voice, as in this example from  Grammar Bytes:   Hungry, the leftover pizza was devoured. The single-word adjective,  hungry, is the dangling modifier in this sentence. A pizza, after all, cannot be  hungry  or  devour  itself. So  who  was hungry? The sentence needs a subject for the modifier to describe, such as these possibilities: Hungry,  we  devoured the leftover pizza.Hungry, the team devoured the leftover pizza.Hungry, I devoured the pizza. All of these sentences are correct and eliminate the dangling modifier. In the first, the modifier hungry describes we; in the second, it describes the team; and, in the third, it describes I. With any of the sentences, the reader clearly understands  who  is hungry. Dangling Participles As noted,  dangling modifiers  are also called  dangling participles. A  participle  is a  verbal  that typically ends in -ing  (the  present participle)  or -ed  (the  past participle). By itself, a  participle can function as an  adjective  (as in the  sleeping  baby or the  damaged  pump). You can sometimes tell that you have a  dangling modifier- or dangling participle- by looking to see if the sentence contains such an  -ing  verbal, says  Writing Explained, giving this example: Reading the regulations, the dog did not enter the park. The participial phrase  reading the regulations  is the dangling modifier because it does not actually modify anything in the sentence. A dog cannot read regulations, so the word or words that  reading the regulations  modifies have been omitted from the sentence, says the writing and grammar website.

The History of Ice Cube Trays

The History of Ice Cube Trays It is not known for certain who invented the first ice cube tray, a refrigerator accessory that can make and remake small uniform ice cubes. Yellow Fever In 1844, American physician, John Gorrie, built a refrigerator to make ice to cool the air for his yellow fever patients. Some historians think that Doctor Gorrie may have also invented the first ice cube tray since it was documented that his patients were also receiving iced drinks. DOMELRE- the Refrigerator That Inspired Ice Cube Trays In 1914, Fred Wolf invented a refrigerating machine called the DOMELRE or DOMestic ELectric REfrigerator. The DOMELRE was not successful in the marketplace, however, it did have a simple ice cube tray and inspired later refrigerator manufacturers to include ice cube trays in their appliances as well. During the 1920s and 30s, it became common for electric refrigerators to come with a freezer section that included an ice cube compartment with trays. Ejecting Ice Cube Trays In 1933, the first flexible stainless steel, all-metal ice tray was invented by Guy Tinkham, the vice-president of General Utilities Manufacturing Company. The tray flexed sidewise to eject the ice cubes. Tinkhams invention was named the McCord ice tray and cost $0.50 in 1933. Flexing the tray cracked the ice into cubes corresponding to the division points in the tray, and then forced the cubes up and out. Pressure forcing the ice out is due to the 5-degree draft on both sides of the tray. Modern Ice Later, various designs based on the McCord were released, aluminum ice-cube trays with a removable cube separator and release handles. They were eventually replaced by molded plastic ice cube trays. Today, refrigerators come with a variety of ice cube making options that go beyond trays. There are internal automatic icemakers and also icemakers and dispensers built into refrigerator doors.

Africa facing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Africa facing - Essay Example t under developed countries, 37 of them are countries in Africa (Krabacher, Kalipeni & Layachi 3)Indeed Africa is underdeveloped and a majority of its member countries are considered by the outside world as third world counties. This can be attributed to a number of factors. One significant factor that has affected Africa is the presence of poor governance and corruption among government officials in most of its member countries. These leaders steal the country’s wealth running the continent dry. Another factor that has attributed to Africa’s poor economy is pandemics especially HIV/AIDs. HIV/AIDs as killed a lot of people in Africa hence limiting its workforce (Krabacher, Kalipeni & Layachi 3). Governments have used billions of dollars in trying to eradicate the disease. This money could have been used for development. Another factor that has led to the underdevelopment of Africa is wars and conflicts. Countries have fort both internally and with each other with the aim of controlling mineral resources. This has in turn scared investors away hence limiting the growth of Africa’s economy. Poor climate and inappropriate agriculture methods are another key factor that has limited Africa’s growth. This is because most of the African lands are covered with arid and semi-arid areas. Where there is good climate in Africa, people use poor farming methods which encourage soil erosion which renders land unsuitable for cultivation. Small scale farming is also a problem in Africa since most people do not produce food for economic purposes. However, Africa is rising up, and its economy is rising steadily. African countries are taking measures to rid themselves of corruption and poor leadership. They are setting up commissions to investigate corrupt leaders and promote civic education on the choosing of appropriate leaders, governments are also investing a lot on infrastructure which is in turn attracting investors hence increasing its economy. Governments are also

Police Case Scenarios Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Police Case Scenarios - Essay Example Taking the case where the two police officers were on a patrol on high – crime area, the officers were in a position and had the right to arrest the passenger. First was to make the rights to known to the passenger by telling them that they had the right to keep quiet, and secondly elaborate to the passenger why he or she was to remain silent. The reason to this was because any word could be used against the suspect who was the passenger in a court of law. After conducting the arrest, the officers were to explain to the suspect of the importance of having an attorney. The state would appoint one for the suspect to represent him or her in the jury or court of law in case the suspect could not afford an attorney. The fact that the woman leaning on the window was walking away was enough sign that whatever activity that was going on in and outside the car might not be legal. When the police officers got closer to the car, the passenger acted suspiciously and began to fidget and shove the hand downwards. There was suspicion bearing in mind that the woman leaning at the window had walked away. The police officers were right to present the passenger’s motion to suppress the seized evidence as evidence to the court. At arrival, the passenger shoved down the hands. Although there is circumstantial evidence, it will still be relied upon because of the nature in which the officers took the evidence. The series of events that occurred from the beginning make it circumstantial combined with physical evidence because cocaine was in the car. The officers made a judgment quickly to tell the suspect to put the hands where they are visible. The judgment was after the suspect shoved the hands downwards and complied only after the police officer drew his gun and gave the command. The police officer who made the arrest formed the correct opinion because it was a possible fact that maybe the suspect was reaching out for a gun, and the hands were

Role Of Community Radio Cultural Studies Essay

Role Of Community Radio Cultural Studies Essay In this study, the researcher is intended to unveil the impact of community radio on social development in Pakistan. The work at hand will measure the role of existing three community radios RASTA FM 88.6 launched by Punjab Traffic Police in November 2010, PUFM 104.6 launched by Institute of communication studies, University of Punjab in June 2004 and UAF FM 100.4 launched by Agriculture University, Faisalabad in August 2012, out of thirty four. Community has been defined as a group of interacting people living in a common location (Wikipedia, 2012). Sub-continent, of which Pakistan forms a major chunk, is a part of earth where different religious, ethnic, economic and cultural groups, say communities, are living together at sizeable social distances since long. Before the world shaped itself into Global Village with help of new inventions in the field of media and technologies as Marshal McLuhan declared it in 1964, these groups never had a chance to interact with each other freely, thus giving rise to differences and sense of alienation among them. Pakistan emerged on the map of the world gaining independence from British rule in 1947 and nascent state could not help its communities reduce gap among them. The main factor that kept crippling the nation factor was state-controlled communication that served general masses, but did not voice for the genuine need of variety of communities to come closer to create homogeneity. A s a result, Pakistan faced the first jerk in 1971 when it lost Bangladesh, the then East-Pakistan (Umm-e-Habiba, (2002). The remaining area of Pakistan bears same cultural distribution of people as it had before 1971 as the East Pakistan was a separate part of land of the nation. This diversity in population has turned into serious threat for national integration for the land in recent years as the differences are emerging at a rapid pace in some parts like Baluchistan and Saraiki belt aggrieved by the policies of the ruling class and absence of fora like community radio. Radio by and for the community, be that a physical one or a community of interest, quotes Mary Myers after years of experience and expertise in international media development (CIMA, 2008). He stresses upon the participation of community transforming itself in all aspects. UNESCO report (2001) on Community Radio defines radio as follows; (Cammaerts, 2010). Community broadcasting is a non-profit service that is owned by a particular community, usually through a trust, foundation, or association. Media Act 1995 of Hungry states community radio as non-profit broadcasters and defines its duties in the words to follow that it agrees to serve national, ethnic or other minority goals, cultural aims or a disadvantaged group, or intends to serve as the public life forum of a community, provided it uses financial profit generated by the broadcasting, as recorded separately, solely for the maintenance and development of the broadcasting (Act 1 of 1996, Article 2) (Hungarian Federation of Free Radio, 1992). This definition clears the position of community radio as non-profit entity dedicated to serve a specific group of a geographic location. Right from its origin, community radio is a tool to bridge the gaps between people and their surroundings, whether it is another group or their government. In this scenario, researcher intends to study whether the concept of community radio can help combat these problems where such type of radio in addition to Public Radio and Commercial Radio is invented to serve the stated purpose. For this reason, researcher is keen to explore the impact of already on-aired community radios in different cities of Pakistan. If it is a successful experiment so far, it can save Pakistan from getting into more troubled waters in terms of the exploding factional differences and glue the society together through provision of the highly needed local ventilation of their deep concerns. Objective of the Study: Objectives of the study are; To gauge the role of community radios in educating people towards a healthy society. To study the context and contents of programs being on-aired for the purpose of promoting the sense of social co-existence. To measure the penetration of community radios in serving infotainment needs of listeners. To compare and explore the difference of educational approach of selected community radios. To explore the level of participation of people towards selected community radios. To measure the satisfaction level of listeners of selected community radio. To measure the difficulties faced by selected community radios in terms of technical and financial resources in their effort to educate society. Rationale for the study: The aim of the study is to analyse the efforts of community radios of selected areas of Pakistan in educating people to build a healthy and peaceful society by feeding the need of people for information and right direction by providing them with the desired outlet at local levels. As it is clear from the definition of community radios, it has capacity to change the minds of people in positive direction by serving them and enabling them to know their rights and responsibilities. Cultural preservation, language protection, education of individuals, reducing religious differences, ethnic problems, gender discrimination, digital divide and extremism, enhancing women empowerment, helping disaster management can be done through community radio. It also enhances peoples participation in community development that directly increases their sense of responsibility. It is high time for Pakistan to make its people realize their worth as a member of society where every individual can play a vital role in strengthening the roots of democracy and rule of law. Thus, the role of community radios, if it be run-on philosophical lines behind its emergence, can change the future of country, the reason researcher intends to study and measure the role of selected existing community radios in Pakistan. Scope of Study: Scope of the study is broad based and far reaching. It contemplates deep implications as the concept of community radio can play vital role in fostering social development among the deprived and digitally divided parts of Pakistan. As a developing state, Pakistan needs to address many grave issues out of which educating minds of people towards their role in social development and responsibility towards state are sublime and the most immediate ones. It can be done by airing the voice of the voiceless and broadcasting for grass root level. This study will help evaluate the current scenario of community radios as well as measure community mobilization through them. It will also help media practitioners design future strategy for setting up effective community radio. Literature Review: A literature review is a systematic search and analysis of published information that the scholars and researchers have written on a topic (8). It helps to reduce the chances of duplication along with indicating the direction of your research scope to maximize the reward of research. The study at hand intends to examine the role of community radios in social development of Pakistan. The researcher has planned to explore the following possible sources to sharpen the conceptual and theoretical dimensions of the study. Research Journals Theses Books Online Articles Online books, newspaper magazine articles etc Sharma. K.J. (2003) in his book Digital Broadcasting journalism studies the evolution of community radio in the world. He stresses upon the need of more number of community radios in order to bring people together. He gives example of Radio Mahaweli of Sri Lanka established in 1979 by UNESCO and DANIDA after the launch of construction plan of hydroelectric dam in the area. It helped local community move efficiently to new homes. The six year broadcast of mobile radio played a vital role in smooth and successful movement of a great number of populations. He argues that third world countries specially the African and Asian need to improve the structure of community radios for fighting the hardships and bringing about better growth rate. Tahir. N. S. (2010) in her article Community Radio Still a Tool of Social Change. Still a Far Cry in Pakistan studies the history of radio in Pakistan and discusses the current development of community radios. She calls government dictorial regime of media responsible for slow development of community radios. She fears local ethnic and extremist authorities to misuse these community stations for illegal operations. She concludes that it is right time for the Pakistan to realize the importance of community radios and establish as vast network of the same as possible to curb social evils like extremism corruption. The question of misuse does not stand authentic anymore when a proper authority in the form of PEMRA exists to make sure a well directed and regulated use of community radios. Kanayama. T. (no. 29, 2007, Keio Communication Review highlights the role of community radio. In his research article Community Ties and Revitalization: The Role of Community Radio in Japan he tells how community radio plays a role in revitalizing local community in Japan. With the localism movement, most influential of all in the Japanese campaign for community broadcasting (Radio) was the government information policy in late 1980, which eventually enforced the community broadcasting law in 1992 to provide local information to local people via community radio, also community FM. Since the earth quake of 1995, importance of balanced and timely information of community radio has been realized. Community radio has also played a vital role in motivating people for the construction of new system after the collapse of existing one. It played a role of revitaliser for the community of Japan. Zahid. M. (2007) in his research Role of Radio in Disaster Management. the case study of PUFM 104.6 at Muzafarabad studies the role of radio in disaster management. He takes example of PUFM 104.6 which, after earth quake of 2005, started its services for feeding the information needs of disaster hit people. He concludes his study by declaring radio a successful tool to help fight crises and disasters. He also favours this idea by calling it economical and the quickest way to bridge communication gap in disaster management. Information for development, an international research journal of India that encompasses the role and relevance of ICT (information communication technology) in various development sectors such as rural development, gender, governance, micro-finance, education, health, wireless communication, ICT for poor, local content, culture and heritage and many more published a report on community radio in Pakistan in 2008. This report took into account the history of community radio in Pakistan before and after the establishment of PEMRA. It takes into account the reasons for slow development of community radio in Pakistan and questions PEMRA about it. This report also describes the role of already established commercial and campus radios for training media students. It also highlights the problem of pirates who had been running illegal radio stations in Baluchistan and Azad Jammu Kashmir. It urges PEMRA to play more efficient role in establishing more number of community radios for the welfar e of society. Once again in 2010, AMARC and Pakistan Press Foundation appealed for setting up community radio in flood affected areas in Pakistan. In the statement they said, the authorities have been asked to be flexible and responsive to proposals for the establishment of community based broadcasting mechanisms so that any information gap that exists among the affected people is fulfilled and relief operations are made highly effective. They also acknowledged the role of radio in disaster management and crisis in earth quakes of Haiti and floods of Indonesia. Further, in the advocacy of their appeal they added, There is a need to complement these efforts by bridging the gaps of information at the very local levels and among displaced people. This can be effectively achieved by setting up emergency community radio stations. This appeal was heard and UNESCO, with help of local authorities, established radio stations at the cost of $400,000/-. (15) Pakistan Press Foundation (2012) organised a three days workshop for the training of media professionals to work for the betterment of society. They invited experts and scholars of the time to train media professional to play active role in community development. It was agreed that community radio are playing vital role in improving gender justice and women empowerment. Thus, vowing to spread and strengthen the network of community radios to rural areas as early as possible. IFEX report (2010), reviews the role of its partner foundation of Pakistan called Pakistan Press Foundation (PPF). The report takes into account all activities of PPF to establish visible and effective network of community radios since the Pakistan faced first huge natural calamity of the present century in 2005 in the form of earth quake. IFX appreciates the policies of PPF to help bridge information gap of disaster hit population after they lost all infrastructure of sources of information. Furthermore, this report believes that change is gaining ground after the struggle of PPF and deprived areas and people are now able to receive required information to be useful part of community. It stresses upon the continuity of this effort to maximize it to the maximum possible limit. Theoretical Framework: Stephen Littlejohn Karen Foss (2008) define theory as any organized set of concepts, explanation and principles of some aspects of human experience. (Cited in Baran Davis, 2009, p.11) Theory and research are interrelated to each other in a way that theory is important to conduct a research to provide basic guideline, whereas research helps in constructing, building, modifying or testing theories. The theories used to support this study are the democratization or democratic participant theory. It emphasizes and supports following namely; The medias multiplicity; Local nature of media; Usage of the media in small scale; De-institutionalizing media; Reciprocal part of recipient or communicator; Horizontal media; Involvement and interaction. Democratization / Democratic Participant Media Theorys stapleprinciples are summarized by Mc Quail, in the year 1987. The principles are mentioned below: Minority-groups and individuals must be capable of enforcing the claims made by them for: Freedom of approaching to media. Freedom of asking for the service against the needs, demanded by them, to the media. Medias organization and message content should be designed in such a way that it is not affected by the bureaucratic and political control. Existence of media should be proved in respect of the interests and need of the recipients should not be justified in respect of interests and needs of media entity, professional workers of media or the advertisers. Communities, organizations and groups must own media individually. Participatory, small-scale and interactive types of the media have been considered of more profit in comparison to unidirectional and large-scale media. The latter are taken into use only by professional-media-workers. Generally, needs of the society are not taken into consideration by the well established media. Democratic Participant Media Theoryconsiders communication or mass media as very important and should be managed by the professionals. Democratic-participant theory is in the support of following points: Freedom to associated local data. Freedom for answering back Freedom for using new communication means for the purpose of interaction Freedom of taking social-action in community, subcultures and interest-groups small-scale settings of subcultures and interest group. Research Question Methodology: Research Questions: Do community radios educate people in Pakistan? If so, to what extent? What is level of participation of communities in achieving goals of community radios? Do community radios have enough resources to carry out their functions in Pakistan? Do community radios fulfil infotainment needs of listeners? If so, the extent of fulfilment and loopholes if any. Does content of community radios promote the sense of social co-existence in Pakistan? Hypotheses: H.1. Community radios are efficient tools for educating people of Pakistan. H.2. Community radios are helping bridge gap of infotainment needs of listeners. H.3. Content of community radios is promoting the sense of social co-existence in Pakistan. H.4. Communities are participating in achieving goals of community radios. H.5. Community radios do not have enough resources and facilities to carry out their functions in Pakistan. Methodology: Methodology is a research strategy that translates ontological and epistemological principle into guidelines that shows how research is to be conducted. (Sarantakos, 2005, p.30) To study the the role of community radio in social development in Pakistan. A case study of RASTA FM 88.8, UAF FM 100.4 PUFM 104.6, the researcher will use the survey research method and content analysis. The researcher will make an effort to test the research questions and hypotheses by selecting universe and drawing out an appropriate sample, followed by measurement rules, data presentation and analyses. Methodology: The researcher selects the survey method for the study. Surveys are methods of data collection in which information is gathered through oral or written questioning. Oral questioning is known as interviewing and written questioning is accomplished through questionnaire, which are administered to the respondents by mail or handed to them personally by the researcher in their homes, at work, at school or any other place they are returned to the researcher after completion. These are also known as self-administered or self-completion questionnaire. (Sarantakos, 2005, p.239). The researcher has selected questionnaire as a tool for the collection of data. The proposed research study contains two kinds of questions. Open-ended questions Close-ended questions Open-ended question requires respondents to generate their own answers. (Wimmer Dominick, 2011, p.187). In Close-ended question respondents select an answer from a list provided by the researcher. (Wimmer Dominick, 2011, p.188). The researcher also intends to use the content analysis method as well. Ole Holsti (1969) offers a broad definition of content analysis as any technique for making inferences by objectively and systematically identifying specified characteristics of messages. (Holsti, 1969) According to Dr. Klaus Krippendorff (1980 and 2004), six questions must be addressed in every content analysis: Which data are analyzed? How are they defined? What is the population from which they are drawn? What is the context relative to which the data are analyzed? What are the boundaries of the analysis? What is the target of the inferences? The researcher plans to analyze the programs of selected community radios in order to test the hypothesis and research questions to reach final conclusion. Universe: To define the universe is to specify the boundaries of the content to be considered. (Wimmer Dominick, 2003, p.145). The universe of present study is the community radios of Pakistan. Sample: A sample is a subset of the population that is representative of the entire population. (Wimmer Dominick, 2003, p.84). The sample of the present study is listener of selected community radios of Pakistan. The researcher selected three community radios of Pakistan that are following: RASTA FM 88.8, Lahore PUFM 104.6, Lahore UAF FM 100.4, Faisalabad The researcher has selected these radios because Lahore is the capital of Punjab, And Faisalabad is the hub of business of Pakistan where students have better opportunities for educational and all the educational institutes are well equipped with technology, and community radios of these areas are considered efficient in their working for the mobilization of community. Also, the community of these areas is well educated as compared to those of other parts of country and people of these areas are considered to be more efficient and active to play their role for their society. Listeners will be selected through simple random sampling which is a type of probability sampling. Simple random sampling is a sampling, where each subject or unit in the population has an equal chance of being selected. (Wimmer Dominick, 2006, P.82) Sample size: The sample of the present study are listeners community radios of Pakistan and the sample size would be 100 respondents from each radio station, so the total sample size would be of 300.

Bad behaviour

Behavior is defined as the way a person undertakes his or her actions. Bad behaviors can be curbed by either positive or negative punishment. I have developed a bad behavior of back biting which I am very determined to finish. I have become a very nuisance gossiper whereby I can back bite ten neighbors in a day. Every time I get a neighbor outside her premises, I always tell her news about the other neighbors with so much exaggeration. I can not leave any rumor undiscussed.Since most of the stories of are not truthful, they end up reaching the person I have talked about. This behavior is costing me most of my friends hence the reason why am seriously thinking about quitting by employing positive punishment. For a start I will begin with always keeping my self busy so as to minimize the chances of meeting my neighbors. Day one: I manage to stay indoors for most of the day but I meet some of my neighbors on my way to the grocery store and although I restrain myself, I end up back bitin g ten times as usual.Day two: am feeling like no matter what happens am not supposed to talk about anybody but unfortunately, my next door neighbor comes visiting. One thing leads to another and I end up discussing seven of my friends. At the end of the day although I can see there is an improvement I am not comfortable. Day three: I nearly swear that am no longer going to be gossiping people, because I have already realized that my greatest weakness is being close to anyone who is willing to listen to my fake news.Although the urge of talking ill about somebody is almost killing me, I do as much as I can to restrain myself but I end up gossiping five neighbors. Day four: I have so much household chores to attend to so I spend the whole day indoors and luckily, I receive two friends only who I send off immediately after attending to them so I manage to finish the day without back biting anyone. I congratulate myself at the end of the day and see it as a day well spent. Day five: I t ravel to visit my grannies who live hundred miles from my home.Although I do not meet with any of my neighbors, I meet an old acquaintance whom we used to live with in the same neighborhood and eventually we gossip three of my neighbors. Day six: I am feeling tired due to my yesterday’s traveling so I don’t feel like seeing any neighbor and therefore I manage to finish the day without a single gossip Day seven: I think I am getting used to not gossiping at all and in fact I don’t feel the urge I had before I decided to quit this bad behavior.Although I happen to meet to meet with some of my neighbors, I happen to gossip no one (Sundel, Sundel, 2005 p 130- 137) I have a major improvement although I have not stopped completely. I think that it is just a matter of time and I quit it all together. REFERENCES Changing Behavior with Positive Reinforcement, retrieved on 3rd, November, 2008, available at http://www. fairview. org/healthlibrary/content/bha_behav_bha. htm Martin Sundel, Sandra Stone Sundel (2005) Behavior Change in the Human Services: Behavioral and Cognitive Principles and Applications, NY, SAGE,

Death and Love in Walt Whitman’s “Out of the Cradle...

Death and Love in Walt Whitman’s â€Å"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking† and Emily Dickinson’s â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop For Death† According to Sigmund Freud’s theories, all of human instincts, energies, and motivations derive from two drives, the sexual and the death drives. The sexual drive initiates self-preservation and erotic instincts, while the death drive moves toward self-destruction and aggression. The death drive contains the individual’s unconscious desire to die, which implies seeking the destruction of the sexual drive. This is why, acording to Stephen P. Thornton, â€Å"Freud gave sexual drives an importance and centrality in human life, human actions, and human behavior† (Thornton). Thus, In Freudian terms, every decision†¦show more content†¦The answer he receives from the sea is the same repetitive message, â€Å"the low and delicious word death† (168). Hearing this painful song and the sea’s constant response brings the boy to his own experience, he begins to feel the pain himself releasing within him a flood of emotions which result in his awakenin g into maturity and his destiny as a poet: â€Å"For I, that was a child, my tongue’s use sleeping, now I have heard you,/ Now in a moment I know what I am for, I awake† (146-147). From this beautiful song of love and death â€Å"Whitman derives an intense and somber lesson in mortality and inspiration† (Bauerlein). Out of the death of the bird comes the birth of a poet, and more specifically of a poem and of song. The final line of the poem â€Å"The sea whisper’d me.† (184), shows us the reality of the poet. Born from the experience of love echoed by its source, death. Death created a song of love and the sea confirmed the â€Å"original† death, or death as origin. These calls and responses are brought about by an awareness of the connection of nature to man. The poet, separated and yet tied to/created by nature, in turn creates a poem from love and death, one that reflects and rewrites this play of unity and separation, love and death, E ros and Thanatos. In Emily Dickinson’s poem the theme of love and death is treated differently, even with a touch of humor. The perspective is of some experiencing death first hand. The